女士们先生们，大家好！

首先，祝在场的各位身心安康！

我叫U Chitt Naing，来自缅甸联邦共和国，担任缅甸作家协会副主席。我的笔名是Chitt Naing （意思为心理）。今天我讲话的题目是“翻译与写作经验”，主要分以下三个部分：

1.目标

我的发言旨在鼓励本地区更多人在敞开心扉、相互理解的基础上，加入到海上丝绸之路文学发展的事业中来，通过建立友谊共享硕果。我希望提出一些有用的观点。就像一两朵花无法散发一片芬芳一样。我相信变革的大雨即将落下，让这个世界充满更多绿色变得更加美好。

2.条件

（1）翻译与交流的运用

缅甸文学汲取了很多民族语言的词汇和表达，包括掸语（傣族）、克伦语、马来语、中文、印度语以及高棉语，得到了长足发展。自19世纪开始，英国殖民者开始侵略缅甸，缅甸全境都处于英国殖民者的统治之下，在此期间翻译、引用和字典编撰广泛传播。大学用英文授课，英文被纳入了基础教学，英文词汇也进入了缅甸语。英国殖民时期在缅甸使用的刑法和刑法典中的条款沿用至今，英语原文及翻译都在使用。

除语言之外，缅甸文学也快速发展，吸收了很多文学及文化养分，比如巴利语和源自于印度的Thekata语作品以及佛教和印度教著作。罗摩衍那本生经传至中印半岛及印度尼西亚群岛。宗教与语言密不可分，文学也通过不同方式的翻译得到广泛传播，“翻译钥匙”打开了通往知识、意识形态、科学、信息技术、宗教、政治、美学和宝藏的大门，“翻译文学”促进了善意与友谊、相互理解、团结与合作，造福于两种语言。古代缅甸的佛教僧人孜孜不倦地学习4到6种语言。

（2）文学与宗教

正如各位所知，佛教与儒家哲学通过翻译传播到世界各地，我无须赘述。

（3）文学与文化

文学是关于某个主题的创作作品或者符号化的信息。实际上，写作是我们在脑海中形成的内容。我们的文化、艺术、风俗传统和观点可以通过翻译用两种语言传达。这需要作者掌握母语以及其他一种语言，而翻译也需要清楚地了解两种语言，需要逻辑清晰地写作。

（4）翻译发展的需求

由于上述的现实情况，我们需要翻译作品，必须鼓励翻译作品，必须教导和培养译者。我们需要培养并训练译者，提高他们的技能。应建立翻译相关的论坛、课程、培训学校、学院和机构。

3.因素

译者从事翻译，必须适当地遵循一些基本原则。在精确的字典解释和计算机广泛使用的推动下，如今的翻译作品水平得到巨大提高。译者需要掌握足够多的词汇以供选择，这样他的译文就更具艺术性，这样才能使译文保留特色而不索然无味。在我年轻的时候，曾读过拉迪亚德·吉卜林（Rudyard Kipling）《丛林故事》的缅甸语译本，缅甸语的书名是“金钱之泪”，在读完小说以后，我不禁泪流满面，直到今天还记忆深刻。那种美学的享受直击我的心灵。翻译包括了审美艺术，译者不应该复制字典里的解释，需要拥有创意，必须在译作中体现感情。

戏剧、短篇小说和小说也包括诗作、歌曲和音乐，它们能够让译者感到快乐，让他欢笑、想念、憔悴和哭泣。译者需要将这些美学的享受传递给读者，必须拥有感情。

文学和翻译都源自于我们的头脑。文学也意味着词汇表达。基于我34年的文学经验以及出版110多本书的经验，在遣词造句时需要遵守以下几个原则：

①简单      ②可感知     ③符合传统和风俗      ④有益        ⑤正确       ⑥令人愉快的词句，就是优美的词句。

文学是戏剧、话剧、音乐和电影等各种艺术形式的基石，发挥着深远影响。伟大的文学有助于提升国家声望。作家必须开阔眼界，从而创造更加优质的文学精品。著名作家以及为国家利益做贡献的作家应该得到赞赏和奖励。

我相信，举办今天这样的文学论坛能够促进丝绸之路周边国家人民的联络与关系，也能够促进彼此之间的沟通与交流。

感谢大家！

Translation And Writing Experiences

Chitt Naing (Myanmar) 

Hello! Ladies and Gentlemen, 

May you all present enjoy physical and mental well-being. 

I am U Chitt Naing coming from the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. I am also the Vice-Chairman of Myanmar Writers Association. My pen name is Chitt Naing (Psychology). The subject I would like to present today is about “Translation and Writing Experiences”. Let me express the subject divided into 3 parts. 

1. Objective

My research paper is aimed at attracting the regional people to willingly cooperate in literary development in respect of Maritime Silk Road Forum after realizing mutual understanding and exposure, enjoy fruitful results together through goodwill and friendship.I hope my research paper can bring about useful points. One or two flowers can’t produce a pleasant smell. I do believe a large number of raindrops will continue falling to the ground like the torrential rain capable of making the world greener and more gorgeous.

2 Condition

(a) The usefulness of translation and communication   

Adding the words and vocabularies from the nationalities such as Shan (Thai/Tai), Karen, Malay, Chinese, Indian and Khamer to Bama literature, Bama literature became extensive and developed. British imperialists began invading Myanmar in the 19th century. The whole Myanmar had been under British colonial rule. Translation, reference and compilation of dictionary became widespread under the rule of British colonial rule. Universities gave lectures in English. English was taught at basic education schools. English words entered Myanmar language. The sections prescribed in the criminal laws and penal code by the British colonial administration in Myanmar are still in use until now. Both the original English version and the translation version are being still used. 

Apart from the language, Myanmar literature rapidly developed and we acquired many works of literature and cultures as to Pali and Thekata derived from India along with Buddhism and Hinduism.  Ramayana jataka extended as far as Indo-China peninsular and Indonesian islands. Religion and language were the same matter. Literature also spread alongside the different ways of translation. Knowledge, ideology, science, information technology, religion, politics, aesthetic enjoyment and treasuries can be opened by the “translation key”. “Translation literature” encourages mutual goodwill and friendship, understanding, unity and mutual cooperation. It brings benefits to both of the languages. Myanmar Buddhist monks of long ago learned about 4 or 5 or 6 languages by heart and they worked hard. 

(b) Literature and Religion 

Buddhism and Confucius philosophy spread all parts of the world through the translations. It is already known to all dignitaries present here. I don’t want to make a lengthy explanation in this regard. 

(c) Literature and Culture

Literature is pieces of writing or printed information on a particular subject. In reality, writing is what we write the things in our mind. Our cultures, arts, customs and opinions can be conveyed between both languages by the translation. It is required to master own language and other one. The translator must clearly think of both languages. He/she is able to write clearly. . 

(d) Translation Development Need

Translation works need development on account of the facts mentioned above. We must encourage translation works. We must teach and nurture translators. It is important that we must nurture translators and give training to them for the emergence of skilled translators. Translation-related seminars, courses, training schools, colleges and institutes should be established. 

3 Factors

(a) Basic principles of translation

If one does translation, he will have to lay down basic principles in an appropriate manner. Translation works of these days have become better with the support of exact explanations of dictionaries and extensive use of computers.  A translator must have full of vocabularies so that he can choose what he likes. If so, his translation work will become artistic. Translation may hurt reading taste or it may become tasteless.  During my younger days, I read the novel of Jungle Book written by Rudyard Kipling translated into Myanmar language. Myanmar title is Tear of Money. At the end of my reading the novel, I burst into tears uncontrollably. I remember it until now. Sentimentality aesthetic enjoyment hit my heart. Translation contains aesthetic art. A translator should not copy the usage shown in the dictionary as it is. A translator needs to have creative ideas and thoughts. A translator must show emotional feeling in his translation. 

Aesthetic plays, short stories and novels including poems, songs and music make the translators be happy, laugh, miss, pine away and cry. The translator must give out these aesthetic enjoyments to the readers. If possibly, the translator should have emotional feeling.

 It is found that both literature and translation come from our minds. Literature means  words. After 34 years of literary experience and the publication of over 110 books, I have come to know we should follow the principles of basic characteristics of speech or words.

(1)Must be simple 

(2)Must be perceptible 

(3)Must compatible with traditions and customs

(4)Must be beneficial 

(5)Must be correct 

(6)If they are sweet and pleasant words, we can say that they are beautiful words

Literature is the backbone of all kinds of art such as plays, theatricals, music and films. They have great impact. Only with noble literature, will our national prestige improve. Writers must widen their horizons to be able to produce fine and quality pieces of literature. Famous writers and writers serving the best national interest should be praised and rewarded. 

I believe that the holding of such a literature forum will facilitate better contacts and relations between peoples when the Silk Road emergences. Things such as communications and transport will also develop. 

Thank you all