丝绸之路发源自中国。中国著名印度学专家季羡林详细地研究了中国丝绸进入印度的路线问题。他列出了五条丝绸贸易非常繁荣的商路：

1.南海道

2.西域道

3.西藏道

4.缅甸道

5.安南道

除南海道之外，其余四条商路均是陆路。印度恰好坐落在必经之路上，成为了一个理想的集散地。和田附近出土的犍陀罗文手稿证明丝绸是从和田进入印度的。梵语单词“Cīnapaţţa”意为“中国出产的生丝或丝麻”，出现在印度人的语言当中，而另一单词“cīnāŋśuk”则意为“中国出产的丝绸或丝绸衣物”。“Cīna”作为“中国”的称呼，原本是从四川地区出产的丝织物“锦”演变而来。该词从印度流传到西方之后，才确定下了西方对中国“China”以及各种由此衍生的称呼，例如阿拉伯语称“Sin”，拉丁语称“Sina”，法语称“Chine”，德语和西班牙语称“China”等等。

当我们讨论中国和印度的文化共同点时，不妨从盘古开天辟地的故事入手。华南地区传言盘古是从一颗巨卵中降生的，出自印度古书的这颗神奇的卵用梵语叫做Brahmanda，即卵形的宇宙。在印度神话当中，自然中的雄性（即阳性）被称为“Purusha”，雌性（即阴性）被称为“Prakriti”。梵语中的“Prakriti”一词事实上也可以直接表达“自然”之意。盘古死后，他的身体部位变成了自然万物。 

中国汉代墓葬画描绘的伏羲和女娲常常以两条交尾蛇的形象示人。在印度卡纳塔克邦的一座名叫哈勒比德的小城，有一座古代的印度教神庙，内饰上同样有着交尾的两个人头蛇身形象出现。

中国僧人义净于公元671-695年前往印度取经。他的著作《梵语千字文》记载，梵语中除了“丝”，对于“绢、绫、锦、绣”等比较细分的词汇都有对应的单词。这一记载证明中国丝绸进入印度和东南亚国家的时间相当早。印度人尤其喜爱来自四川的蜀锦，因为它外形雅致，常常带有多彩的花形图案。在印度的语言中，“锦”其实就是对中国的称谓。

中国的寓言和传说有一个月中玉兔的故事。季羡林指出，早在公元前一千多年前的《梨俱吠陀》时代，印度人就相信月亮上居住着一只兔子，梵语词汇亦可佐证这一点，例如“shashadhara”与“shashabhrit”意为“包含兔子”，“shashalakshana”意为“带有兔子的影子”，而“shashi”字面意思上是“注视兔子”，但其实就是指“月亮”。

谈及中印之间文化交流史，就要谈到郑和跨印度洋航行的历史事件。公元1405到1433年间，郑和的舰队七下西洋。每次航行，郑和都访问了印度的喀拉拉邦。中国与印度南部两个远隔重洋的不同文化地域之间如果能像这样产生基本概念上的亲密关系，很有可能是更早时候中国人曾经到访的缘故。当地的马拉亚兰语含有相当多的接近汉语发音的单词。例如：汉语和马拉亚兰语的“你”都是“ni”，尊称“您”在后者中被称为“ningal”；汉语中的“姐姐”被称为“chechi”；汉语中的“一点点”在喀拉拉邦穆斯林人口中则叫“ittiri”。此外，汉语中的“墨水”，梵语中称为“masi”；“哥哥”在马拉亚兰语中称为“ikka”，后者又来自阿拉伯语的“kaka”。 

此外，孟加拉语和泰米尔语也有很多词带有“cheena”或“cheeni”的前缀，表示这些事物来自中国，例如孟加拉语中的中国花生、中国瓷土、中国鞭炮、中国丝绸等等。在马拉亚兰语中，则有中国渔网“chinavala”、中国煎锅“chinachatti”、中国红薯“chinikizhangu”、用来贮藏腌菜的中国瓷缸“chinabharani”等等。

中国的茶文化很可能是通过丝绸之路传遍世界的。然而，欧洲范围内与茶相关的知识的传播渠道则是通过南洋的海上丝绸之路。许多语言中的“茶”直接受到汉语的影响，例如孟加拉语“cha”、印地语、希腊语和俄语“chai”、以及日语“ocha”等等。然而欧洲人通过南洋海路接触到的则是闽南话厦门方言的称呼“te”，因而出现了英语“tea”、法语“thé”、德语“Tee”、西班牙语“té”等等。

最后，在结束我的发言时，我想强调：全球化融合中，互不干涉对方的传统文化，是最理想的局面，也是全球化成功的道路。体现在文学翻译交流中，就是既要尊重译出语国家的文化与传统习俗，也要尊重目标语国家的文化与传统习俗，不是消灭而是要保护好各自的文化特殊性与多样化。

Maritime Silk Road And  Sino-Indian Cultural Amalgamation

Priyadarsi Mukherji (India) 

The Silk Road stretched from China.The renowned Chinese Indologist Ji Xianlin (1911-2009) conducted a thorough research into the question of transporting Chinese silk to India. He cited five routes through which silk trade flourished :

(1)Southern Sea Route (南海道); 

(2)Western Territorial Route (西域道);

(3)Tibetan Route (西藏道);

(4)Burmese Route (缅甸道)；

(5)Annam Route (安南道)。

The other four routes were land routes. India proved to be a favourable access, situated conveniently along the route.  The Kharoşţhi manuscripts excavated near Khotan testify to the fact that silk entered India through Khotan.The Sanskrit word Cīnapaţţa meaning the thin tough silk or silk linen from China—emerged in the vocabulary of the Indians. The word cīnāŋśuk means Chinese silk or silk garment. The word Cīna in the sense China actually originated from the Sichuan silk brocade known as 錦 (jin, pron. cheen). The word Cīna travelled to the West. And thus the West got the name China in various forms, thanks to India: in Arabic Sin; Latin Sina; French Chine; German and Spanish China, etc. 

While talking about the shared heritage of China and India, we can firstly begin with the story of Pan Gu splitting the Heaven and the Earth apart. Popular in the southern China, Pan Gu emerged from a gigantic egg. This fabulous egg originated in India from the Brahmanda. In Indian myths, Purusha is the masculine, and Prakriti the feminine element in the Nature. In Sanskrit, the word Prakriti also means Nature. After the death of Pan Gu, his body parts turned into myriads of elements in the Nature. 

The Han tomb paintings depicting Fuxi and Nüwa  have been two gigantic snakes intertwining each other. There is an ancient Hindu temple in a small town called Halebid in the Indian state of Karnataka. The same depiction of a pair of intertwined human-headed, snake-bodied figures can be seen inside the temple. 

The Chinese monk Yi Jing travelled to India during 671-695 AD in search of Buddhist texts. Yi Jing’s book “The Thousand Words of Sanskrit” shows that apart from the word 丝 , there are varied words like 绢、绫、锦、绣 etc in the sense of silk. These sufficiently indicate that the Chinese silk had entered India and south-east Asian countries quite early.  Indians specially enjoyed the gorgeous look of the silk brocade from Sichuan---with multicolored floral designs. In the Indian vocabulary, the word 锦 had the meaning of China. 

The Chinese fables and myths contain a tale of a rabbit sitting inside the moon. Ji Xianlin again points out that starting from the ages of the Rig-Veda from more than a millennium before Christ, Indians believed that a rabbit resides in the moon. The Sanskrit vocabulary can divulge this information.   The Sanskrit words for moon all contain the derivatives of the word Shasha, meaning rabbit. For example, Shashadhara and Shashabhrit mean---“containing the rabbit”. Shashalakshana means---“with the shadow of the rabbit”. And Shashi, meaning “beholding a rabbit”, is actually the moon.  

In the history of Sino-Indian cultural bond, we come across the historical event of Zheng He embarking on sea voyages across the Indian Ocean. Between 1405 and 1433 AD, Zheng He’s fleet went seven times on sea voyages. On every voyage, they visited the southern Indian state of Kerala. There must have been earlier voyages by some other Chinese personages that gave rise to a kinship in terms of basic concepts between the two cultures separated by vast oceans. The local Malayalam language contains a number of words that sound similar to the Chinese words. For example, both would say 你 (ni) for ‘you’; 您 (nin) stands for ‘you’ in honorific sense: ‘ningal’; 姐姐 (chiechie = elder sister) becomes ‘chechi’; Kerala Muslims call ‘ittiri’ for 一点儿 (a bit).  墨水 (moshui = ink) is masi in Sanskrit. 哥哥 (keke = elder brother) is ikka which comes from Arabic Kaka.  

Besides these instances, Bengali and Tamil also have many words with prefix Cheena or Cheeni, showing that these items had arrived from China. Like, Chinese nut, Chinese Kaolin, Chinese stringed-crackers, Chinese silk et cetera in Bengali. In Malayalam, we see Chinese fishing net (chinavala), Chinese frying pan (chinachatti), Chinese sweet potato (chinikizhangu), Chinese porcelain jars (chinabharani) for preserving pickles, etc. 

The tea culture of China in all probability spread across the world through the Silk Road. However, the dissemination of knowledge about tea in Europe took place through the Sea Silk Routes of southern China. Many of the languages, like ‘cha’ in Bengali, ‘chai’ in Hindi, Greek and Russian, ‘ocha’ in Japanese etc. were directly influenced by the standard Chinese word 茶 (cha, pron. Chhaa) for tea. But the Europeans through their trade links were in contact with the word te of the Xiamen dialect of southern Fujian province (or 閩南話). Hence arose the words ‘tea’ in English, ‘thé’ in French, ‘Tee’ in German, ‘té’ in Spanish, etc. 

Finally, in concluding my speech, I would like to stress that in the integration of globalization, non-interference for each other's traditional culture is the most ideal situation and also the road to the success of globalization.As reflected in the literary translation exchange, it is necessary to respect the culture and traditional customs of the translated countries as well as the culture and traditional customs of the target language countries. It is necessary to protect their cultural specificities and diversities rather than eliminate them.